Piero Cappuccilli, Ileana Cotrubas, Plácido Domingo, Elena Obraztsova, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Kurt Moll, Hanna Schwarz, Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Carlo Maria Giulini – Verdi: Rigoletto (1980/2016) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Piero Cappuccilli, Ileana Cotrubas, Plácido Domingo, Elena Obraztsova, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Kurt Moll, Hanna Schwarz, Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Carlo Maria Giulini – Verdi: Rigoletto (1980/2016)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:59:46 minutes | 1,96 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Deutsche Grammophon (DG)

“This is not one of the most famous recordings of Verdi’s warhorse, but in my opinion it is the best. The great Italian conductor Carlo Maria Giulini stays away from the melodramatic caricature of opera that this can easily turn into, and brings out the dark, brooding colors of the drama and of the music. He combines lyricism with the greatest dramatic power, at speeds which feel exactly right, even though they are slower than most. And not only does he have a superb individual view of the piece, he is a sensitive accompanist, too, giving the excellent Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra its full dominance without drowning out the singers. And what singers! The velvety, golden voice of Piero Cappuccilli, used with unfailing intelligence and musicality; the warm, gorgeous voice of Plácido Domingo; and perhaps most stunning of all, the bewitching lyric soprano of Ileana Cotrubas, the best Gilda I have ever heard. These singers may not hit the stratospheric unwritten high notes on the Bonynge recording with Pavarotti, Milnes and Sutherland, but they do offer consistently refined, thoughtful and beautiful singing. Cotrubas’ radiant singing alone is worth the modest price of this set. The great Bulgarian bass Nicolai Ghiaurov makes a riveting, dark-toned Sparafucile; Elena Obraztsova sings Maddalena perfectly well, though not on the level of her colleagues. Kurt Moll is cast luxuriously as Monterone. At mid-price, with full libretto and translation and with excellent work from the VPO and chorus, this is a Rigoletto that must be in all Verdi collections.”

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Valery Gergiev & Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2018 / Summer Night Concert 2018 (2018) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Valery Gergiev & Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2018 / Summer Night Concert 2018 (2018)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:07:55 minutes | 1,26 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

With this open air concert in Schönbrunn, the Vienna Philharmonic wishes to provide all Viennese, as well as visitors to the city, with a special musical experience in the impressive setting of Schönbrunn Palace and its beautiful baroque gardens, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. Since 2008 the Vienna Philharmonic have provided an outstanding experience for all visitors. In the recent years the orchestra has been conducted by Gustavo Dudamel, Valery Gergiev, Franz Welser-Möst, Daniel Barenboim, Christoph Eschenbach and Zubin Mehta. Among the previous guest solists: Renée Fleming, Lang Lang, Rudolf Buchbinder, Katia and Marielle Labèque. This year Valery Gergiev returns to conducts the Summer Night Concert and is joined by star Soprano Anna Netrebko in what promises to be one of the most popular concerts this year. The theme for this year is An Italian Night. The evening’s repertoire is an attractive combination of extremely popular works for orchestra including the William Tell Overture, the March from the opera Aida and the Intermezzo from Cavalleria Rusticana, as well as famous Soprano arias like Vissi d’arte,vissi d‘amore from the Opera Tosca.

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Wiener Philharmoniker, Carl Schuricht – Bruckner: Symphony No.9 (1962/2012) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Carl Schuricht - Bruckner: Symphony No.9 (1962/2012) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Carl Schuricht – Bruckner: Symphony No.9 (1962/2012)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 56:20 minutes | 1,13 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Erato – Warner Classics

With immaculate sound quality and sonics, renowned conductor Carl Schuricht leads the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra through Bruckner’s historic Ninth Symphony. Commanding with gentle assurance and unparalleled artistry, Schuricht delivers an intense reading overflowing with vitality. The orchestra’s performance is powerful and detailed.
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Rudolf Buchbinder, Wiener Philharmoniker, Zubin Mehta – Brahms: Piano Concertos (2016) [Official Digital Download 24bit/44,1kHz]

Rudolf Buchbinder, Wiener Philharmoniker, Zubin Mehta - Brahms: Piano Concertos (2016) [Official Digital Download 24bit/44,1kHz] Download

Rudolf Buchbinder, Wiener Philharmoniker, Zubin Mehta – Brahms: Piano Concertos (2016)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/44,1 kHz | Time – 01:30:31 minutes | 780 MB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

“It is not every day that Brahms sounds so perfect as this,” enthuses the Kurier newspaper, describing Buchbinder’s performance with the Vienna Philharmonic. The “phenomenal piano virtuoso” (Kurier) plays the First and Second Piano Concertos of Johannes Brahms in the Golden Hall of the Vienna Musikverein with Maestro Zubin Mehta, who has long been intensively associated both with the orchestra and with soloist Rudolf Buchbinder.
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Hélène Grimaud, Wiener Philharmoniker, Andris Nelsons – Brahms: Piano Concerto No. 2 (2013) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Hélène Grimaud, Wiener Philharmoniker, Andris Nelsons - Brahms: Piano Concerto No. 2 (2013) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Hélène Grimaud, Wiener Philharmoniker, Andris Nelsons – Brahms: Piano Concerto No. 2 (2013)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 52:16 minutes | 939 MB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Digital Booklet, Front Cover | © Deutsche Grammophon

French pianist Hélène Grimaud has been called a Glenn Gould for our time, the creator of highly original, technically superb readings that are either brilliant or idiosyncratic, depending on your personal reaction. You might consider that a red flag for Brahms, for Gould was at his worst in Romantic repertory, seeming to push against the structures the composer intended. Here Grimaud comes out all right, however. Yes, the readings are unusual. The opening movement of the Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 15, is taken extremely slowly, with each note and each detail almost hammered out. It’s very much the interpretation of the young woman who, as Grimaud once said in an interview, broke down and cried after playing the concerto for the first time. You may or may not like this way of approaching the work, but objectively you’ll likely have to admit that she pulls it off. This is in no small part due to the work of conductor Andris Nelsons, who lays out a lengthy orchestral exposition that Grimaud plays off of in many ways. The second and third movements are more straightforward. The orchestra for the first concerto is the Bavarian Radio Symphony; for the second you get the Vienna Philharmonic, again under Nelsons, and even more capable of delivering the ripe, Romantic mood Grimaud sets out. The precise, intellectual Brahms so prized by some listeners is nowhere in evidence here, but this is a charismatic, exciting recording. Deutsche Grammophon’s engineering is a plus in Munich’s Herkulessaal in the first concerto, a major plus in the second, where they set up shop in Vienna’s Musikverein. They must have recorded there hundreds of times, and the orchestra played there just as often. But nothing at all here is done by rote.
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Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem (2010) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Nikolaus Harnoncourt - Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem (2010) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem (2010)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:12:04 minutes | 1,15 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Digital Booklet, Front Cover | © RCA Red Seal

Something new is always to be expected whenever Nikolaus Harnoncourt turns his attention to an important piece of music. In recent years he has been giving audiences a fresh view on some of the masterpieces of Romantic and late-Romantic music. His account of Brahms’ German Requiem is based on a thorough study of the composer’s ideas on how it should be performed. His is a sensitive interpretation that takes a completely new approach to the work. Technically and artistically, the new disc is a perfect record of the concert given in Vienna in December 2007, which was greeted enthusiastically by music press and audiences alike. A high-profile line-up comprises the Arnold Schoenberg Choir, whose connection with Harnoncourt goes back more than thirty years, and the Vienna Philharmonic, one of the world’s greatest orchestras. The two solo vocal parts are ideally cast with soprano Genia Kühmeier and internationally-renowned baritone Thomas Hampson. In 2009 Harnoncourt was honoured with the much-deserved Gramophone Lifetime Achievement Award.
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Birgit Nilsson, Wiener Philharmoniker, Sir Georg Solti – Strauss: Elektra (1967/2017) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Birgit Nilsson, Wiener Philharmoniker, Sir Georg Solti - Strauss: Elektra (1967/2017) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Birgit Nilsson, Wiener Philharmoniker, Sir Georg Solti – Strauss: Elektra (1967/2017)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:47:41 minutes | 2,01 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Digital Booklet, Front Cover | © Decca Music Group Ltd.

Decca, THE Opera Company, has always invested infinite energy and enormous care in its productions, pairing unrivalled casts with its unequalled technical skill and legendary sound. Decca Classics is proud to continue its Hardback Opera Series of go-to performances incorporating true 24-bit audio with two reference recordings of R. Strauss with casts led by Birgit Nilsson and also Leontyne Price’s legendary recording of Verdi’s Aida – all three performances are conducted by Sir Georg Solti
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Karl Böhm – Beethoven: Symphony No.6 ‘Pastoral’ / Schubert: Symphony No.5 (1971/1979/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Karl Böhm - Beethoven: Symphony No.6 'Pastoral' / Schubert: Symphony No.5 (1971/1979/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Karl Böhm – Beethoven: Symphony No.6 ‘Pastoral’ / Schubert: Symphony No.5 (1971/1979/2015)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:14:09 minutes | 1,31 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Digital Booklet, Front Cover | © Deutsche Grammophon (DG)

“For many music lovers, this is the most purely beautiful performance of Beethoven’s most purely beautiful symphony ever recorded. The playing of the Vienna Philharmonic is the last word in gorgeousness–the woodwind chords chime with such purity that they practically glow with an inner light. But it’s not a self-indulgent interpretation at all: the storm rages as violently as anyone has a right to expect, and Karl Böhm keeps the music moving along impulsively, always highlighting the symphonic strength of Beethoven’s musical argument. What makes the recording even more special is a Schubert Fifth with exactly the same qualities. Someone at DG clearly knows where the treasures are buried. A great disc.” –David Hurwitz, ClassicsToday
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 7, 8 & 9 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann - Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 7, 8 & 9 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 7, 8 & 9 (2011/2015)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/48 kHz | Time – 02:16:55 minutes | 1,31 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

At a time when it seems that the contemporary movement for historically informed practices has won over most performers of Ludwig van Beethoven’s nine symphonies, along comes Christian Thielemann to spin the clock back to the mindset of the mid-20th century. Interpreting the symphonies with a conventional, even hidebound, approach that bears no sign of late Classical scholarship (streamlined tempos, smaller orchestras, original instrumentation, or other aspects of the way the music was actually played in the composer’s time), Thielemann presents a Beethoven that is rather more in the manner of Wilhelm Furtwängler than of, say, John Eliot Gardiner. Listeners who have not yet taken the plunge into authentic period practices may have wondered where the traditionalist could turn for old-fashioned, Teutonic performances that employ a full modern orchestra, conform to expected (i.e., slower) tempos, and generally have a homogenized orchestral blend with thick textures. Here is Thielemann, unapologetic and confident, and for what it is, his set is a solid, dependable cycle that doesn’t pretend to be something it isn’t, and it will not disappoint its intended audience. Indeed, the Vienna Philharmonic is one of the last bastions of tradition, and Thielemann surely will satisfy all who are nostalgic for the old style. There are some eccentricities of particular interest in the Finale of the Ninth, where Thielemann surprises with sneak-attack accelerandos, and his breakneck speed in the final pages will leave anyone breathless. But on the whole, this is a conservative’s vision of Beethoven, and the live performances really bring the not-so-distant past to life. This deluxe box set offers six CDs and a DVD, Making van Beethoven, stored in a hard cover book with liner notes and a cloth-covered slipcase. –Blair Sanderson
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 4, 5 & 6 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann - Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 4, 5 & 6 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 4, 5 & 6 (2011/2015)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/48 kHz | Time – 01:56:31 minutes | 1,09 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

At a time when it seems that the contemporary movement for historically informed practices has won over most performers of Ludwig van Beethoven’s nine symphonies, along comes Christian Thielemann to spin the clock back to the mindset of the mid-20th century. Interpreting the symphonies with a conventional, even hidebound, approach that bears no sign of late Classical scholarship (streamlined tempos, smaller orchestras, original instrumentation, or other aspects of the way the music was actually played in the composer’s time), Thielemann presents a Beethoven that is rather more in the manner of Wilhelm Furtwängler than of, say, John Eliot Gardiner. Listeners who have not yet taken the plunge into authentic period practices may have wondered where the traditionalist could turn for old-fashioned, Teutonic performances that employ a full modern orchestra, conform to expected (i.e., slower) tempos, and generally have a homogenized orchestral blend with thick textures. Here is Thielemann, unapologetic and confident, and for what it is, his set is a solid, dependable cycle that doesn’t pretend to be something it isn’t, and it will not disappoint its intended audience. Indeed, the Vienna Philharmonic is one of the last bastions of tradition, and Thielemann surely will satisfy all who are nostalgic for the old style. There are some eccentricities of particular interest in the Finale of the Ninth, where Thielemann surprises with sneak-attack accelerandos, and his breakneck speed in the final pages will leave anyone breathless. But on the whole, this is a conservative’s vision of Beethoven, and the live performances really bring the not-so-distant past to life. This deluxe box set offers six CDs and a DVD, Making van Beethoven, stored in a hard cover book with liner notes and a cloth-covered slipcase. –Blair Sanderson
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1, 2 & 3 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann - Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1, 2 & 3 (2011/2015) [Official Digital Download 24bit/48kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Christian Thielemann – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1, 2 & 3 (2011/2015)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/48 kHz | Time – 01:57:16 minutes | 1,10 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

At a time when it seems that the contemporary movement for historically informed practices has won over most performers of Ludwig van Beethoven’s nine symphonies, along comes Christian Thielemann to spin the clock back to the mindset of the mid-20th century. Interpreting the symphonies with a conventional, even hidebound, approach that bears no sign of late Classical scholarship (streamlined tempos, smaller orchestras, original instrumentation, or other aspects of the way the music was actually played in the composer’s time), Thielemann presents a Beethoven that is rather more in the manner of Wilhelm Furtwängler than of, say, John Eliot Gardiner. Listeners who have not yet taken the plunge into authentic period practices may have wondered where the traditionalist could turn for old-fashioned, Teutonic performances that employ a full modern orchestra, conform to expected (i.e., slower) tempos, and generally have a homogenized orchestral blend with thick textures. Here is Thielemann, unapologetic and confident, and for what it is, his set is a solid, dependable cycle that doesn’t pretend to be something it isn’t, and it will not disappoint its intended audience. Indeed, the Vienna Philharmonic is one of the last bastions of tradition, and Thielemann surely will satisfy all who are nostalgic for the old style. There are some eccentricities of particular interest in the Finale of the Ninth, where Thielemann surprises with sneak-attack accelerandos, and his breakneck speed in the final pages will leave anyone breathless. But on the whole, this is a conservative’s vision of Beethoven, and the live performances really bring the not-so-distant past to life. This deluxe box set offers six CDs and a DVD, Making van Beethoven, stored in a hard cover book with liner notes and a cloth-covered slipcase. –Blair Sanderson
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 (1952/2012) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler - Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 (1952/2012) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler – Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 (1952/2012)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:18:00 minutes | 794 MB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © EMI Classics

Esteemed conductor Wilhelm Furtwangler and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra delivers a definitive reading of Beethoven’s Symphonies No. 1 & 3. Performing on authentic instruments, the musicians play with sensitivity and skill. Furtwangler, a Beethovenian, brings a sense of excitement and first-class direction. With its impeccable sound quality, this is a worthwhile listen!
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Andris Nelsons & Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2022 / Summer Night Concert 2022 (2022) Blu-ray 1080i AVC DTS-HD MA 5.1 + BDRip 720p/1080p

Title: Andris Nelsons & Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2022 / Summer Night Concert 2022
Release Date: 2022
Genre: Classical

Production/Label: Sony Music
Duration: 01:41:24
Quality: Blu-ray
Container: BDMV
Video codec: H.264
Audio codec: DTS, PCM
Video: MPEG-4 AVC Video/ 21960 kbps / 1080i / 29,970 fps / 16:9 / High Profile 4.1
Audio#1: LPCM Audio / 2.0 / 48 kHz / 2304 kbps / 24-bit
Audio#2: DTS-HD Master Audio / 5.1 / 48 kHz / 3547 kbps / 24-bit (DTS Core: 5.1 / 48 kHz / 1509 kbps / 24-bit)
Size: 20.9 GB

Andris Nelsons has held major conducting posts on both the concert and operatic stages, and in each realm, has distinguished himself as an incisive interpreter of a broad range of music. Whether conducting Puccini at the Met, Wagner at Bayreuth, or Stravinsky with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Nelsons has managed to win over both critics and the public alike. He is the music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig. In 2022, Nelsons led the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig in the latest installment of their survey of Bruckner’s symphonies on the Deutsche Grammophon label. Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia, on November 18, 1978. His parents and stepfather were musicians, and at an early age, Nelsons studied piano but took up the trumpet at 12. He later sang in his mother’s early music ensemble and played trumpet in the Latvian National Opera Orchestra. After local studies, Nelsons began studying conducting at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with Alexander Titov.

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Andris Nelsons, Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2022 / Summer Night Concert 2022 (2022) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz]

Andris Nelsons, Wiener Philharmoniker - Sommernachtskonzert 2022 / Summer Night Concert 2022 (2022) [Official Digital Download 24bit/96kHz] Download

Andris Nelsons, Wiener Philharmoniker – Sommernachtskonzert 2022 / Summer Night Concert 2022 (2022)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/96 kHz | Time – 01:41:24 minutes | 1,70 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Sony Classical

Andris Nelsons has held major conducting posts on both the concert and operatic stages, and in each realm, has distinguished himself as an incisive interpreter of a broad range of music. Whether conducting Puccini at the Met, Wagner at Bayreuth, or Stravinsky with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Nelsons has managed to win over both critics and the public alike. He is the music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig. In 2022, Nelsons led the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig in the latest installment of their survey of Bruckner’s symphonies on the Deutsche Grammophon label. Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia, on November 18, 1978. His parents and stepfather were musicians, and at an early age, Nelsons studied piano but took up the trumpet at 12. He later sang in his mother’s early music ensemble and played trumpet in the Latvian National Opera Orchestra. After local studies, Nelsons began studying conducting at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with Alexander Titov.
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Wiener Philharmoniker, Sir Georg Solti – Richard Wagner : Der Ring des Nibelungen (1967/2014) [Official Digital Download 24bit/44,1kHz]

Wiener Philharmoniker, Sir Georg Solti – Richard Wagner : Der Ring des Nibelungen (1967/2014)
FLAC (tracks) 24 bit/44,1 kHz | Time – 14:35:11 minutes | 8,43 GB | Genre: Classical
Studio Masters, Official Digital Download | Front Cover | © Decca Music Group Ltd.

Richard Wagner was one of the most revolutionary figures in the history of music, a composer who made pivotal contributions to the development of harmony and musical drama that reverberate even today. Indeed, though Wagner occasionally produced successful music written on a relatively modest scale, opera – the bigger, the better – was clearly his milieu, and his aesthetic is perhaps the most grandiose that Western music has ever known. Early in his career, Wagner learned both the elements and the practical, political realities of his craft by writing a handful of operas which were unenthusiastically, even angrily, received. Beginning with Rienzi (1838-40) and The Flying Dutchman (1841), however, he enjoyed a string of successes that propelled him to immortality and changed the face of music. His monumental Ring cycle of four operas – Das Rheingold (1853-54), Die Walküre (1854-56), Siegfried (1856-71) and Götterdämmerung (1869-74) – remains the most ambitious and influential contribution by any composer to the opera literature. Tristan and Isolde (1857-59) is perhaps the most representative example of Wagner’s musical style, which is characterized by a high degree of chromaticism, a restless, searching tonal instability, lush harmonies, and the association of specific musical elements (known as leitmotifs, the flexible manipulation of which is one of the hallmarks of Wagner’s music) with certain characters and plot points. Wagner wrote text as well as music for all his operas, which he preferred to call “music dramas.” Wagner’s life matched his music for sheer drama. Born in Leipzig on May 22, 1813, he began in the early 1830s to write prolifically on music and the arts in general; over his whole career, his music would to some degree serve to demonstrate his aesthetic theories. He often worked as a conductor in his early years; a conducting engagement took him to Riga, Latvia, in 1837, but he fled the country in the middle of the night two years later to elude creditors. Wagner as a young man had some sympathy with the revolutionary movements of the middle 19th century (and even the Ring cycle contains a distinct anti-materialist and vaguely socialist drift); in the Dresden uprisings of 1849 he apparently took up arms, and he had to leave Germany when the police restored order. Settling in Zurich, Switzerland, he wrote little for some years, but evolved the intellectual framework for his towering, mature masterpieces. Wagner returned to Germany in 1864 under the protection and patronage of King Ludwig II of Bavaria; it was in Bayreuth, near Munich, that he undertook the construction of an opera house (completed in 1876) built to his personal specifications and suited to the massive fusion of music, staging, text, and scene design that his later operas entailed. Bayreuth became something of a shrine for the fanatical Wagnerites who carried the torch after his death; it remains the goal of many a pilgrimage today. His attitude toward Jews was deeply ambivalent (he believed, mistakenly, that his stepfather was Jewish), but some of his writings contain anti-Semitic elements that have aroused considerable controversy among opera lovers, especially in view of Adolf Hitler’s apparent predilection for the composer’s music. – Rovi Staff

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